ISSN: 2056-3736 (Online Version) | 2056-3728 (Print Version)
Guangyun Deng, Hui-Chung Che and Yingwu Peng
Correspondence: Hui-Chung Che, drcharlie918@yeah.net
Freed Technologies, Ltd. and Shenzhen GongBiao Intellectual Property Judicial Appraisal Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1127
19,082 China utility model patents were retrieved from invalidation reexaminations decisions. A thorough analysis using ANOVA was conducted across nine technology areas for discussing the variances between weak utility models, in any of which all claims were invalid through the reexaminations, and strong utility models, in any of which at least one claim was remaining valid. Four high value indicators for classifying utility models were found, including description word count, examination duration, figure count and claim count, to respectively show significance in five technology areas; wherein the strong patents showed significantly higher means of indicators in every technology areas of significance. Two fair value indicators for classification were found, including IPC count and abstract word count, to respectively show significance in three technology areas. Two low value indicators for classification were found, including inventor count and applicant count, showing significance in two or less technology areas. Technology distinction was shown. The overall technology and technology G (physics) were respectively provided with the most number of five valuable indicators, while technology C (chemistry and metallurgy) and D (textiles; paper) were respectively provided with the least number of three valuable indicators. The technologies provided with more valuable indicators were more applicable for classifying strong/weak utility models. The strong utility models were shown to be provided with more claim terms, more figures, richer description content and longer examination duration. The criteria for classification was therefore obtained.
Patent, ANOVA, Utility Model, Reexamination, Invalidation.
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Chih-Hsiung Chang
Correspondence: Chih-Hsiung Chang, simon5289@gmail.com
Department of Finance, I-Shou University.
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1126
The purpose of the article was to explore the impact of the cash cards on Taiwan’s dual-card crisis under the information asymmetry. Accordingly, the article was based on the quality analysis primarily combined with the method of the document analysis and constructed the information asymmetry model ,including the two criteria of the adverse selections and the moral hazards. The results of the article showed that the impact of the cash cards on Taiwan’s dual-card crisis was no less than that of the credit cards even if the issuing scale of the cash cards was much smaller . The findings revealed the significant management implication for the financial authorities that the cash cards shouldn’t be ignored if the dual-card crisis needed to be solved.
Cash card, Information asymmetry, Adverse selections, Moral hazards, Dual-card crisis.
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Apostolos Kiohos
Correspondence: Apostolos Kiohos, akiohos@uom.edu.gr
Department of International and European Studies, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece.
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1125
Reinsurance is the last shelter of traditional international risk management. Insurance companies cede part of their risks incurred to the reinsurance companies and this enhances the proper risk diversification procedure. This paper investigates the risk transmission characteristics from the USA and Europe insurance markets on the Global reinsurance market in order to analyse the risk affection of insurance to the reinsurance sector. The results suggest that there is a relatively low risk influence of non-life and life insurance companies on the global reinsurance index. Also, last four years the U.S. non-life and life insurance markets volatility asymmetry has an impact on the volatility of the global reinsurance index in terms of bad and good news. The volatility persistence is high before and after the pandemic period, indicating that if there is an extreme volatility shock in the insurance markets, the impact will occur faster on global reinsurance, except for the European non-life insurance index, which has the lowest impact on the reinsurance market in terms of the volatility persistence.
Reinsurance, Risk Analysis, Non- Life Insurance, Life Insurance, TGARCH.
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Sediq Sameem
Correspondence: Sediq Sameem, sediq.sameem@gmail.com
Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1124
The association between mortality and business cycle is inconclusive. Most macro level studies find mortality to be pro-cyclical whereas micro level studies suggest the opposite. The consensus among these studies, however, is on the use of unemployment rate as a proxy for cyclical variations in economic activity. This study builds upon these findings by implementing an alternative proxy – per capita income – to better understand such a mediating relationship. Using state level annual data of the United States during 1968-2022, this study finds a negative association between state per capita income and mortality rate. Contrary to the findings of macro level studies, this analysis suggests that mortality declines during expansions. The results are robust to the inclusion of both old and new proxies for the business cycle.
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Nachiket Thakkar and Rafiqul Bhuyan
Correspondence: Nachiket Thakkar, nachiket.thakkar@aamu.edu
Alabama A&M University
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1123
This paper empirically examines the impact of financial technology (FinTech) and financial inclusion on sustainable development goals (SDGs). The adoption of FinTech has a significant positive effect on key SDGs in developing nations. Specifically, FinTech contributes to reducing income inequality and poverty, while promoting gender equality, access to basic sanitation, clean energy, and education. Additionally, the increasing adoption of FinTech is linked to overall economic growth. To address potential biases from heteroscedasticity and endogeneity, we conduct robustness checks using simultaneous equation modeling and Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimations. Our findings confirm that the benchmark results are robust.
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Emmanuel Gyamera and Ivy Eklemet
Correspondence: Ivy Eklemet, eklemet.ivy@upsamail.edu.gh
Department of Accounting, University of Professional Studies, Accra
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1122
According to numerous studies, small and medium businesses are more financially limited than large businesses due to the lack of audited financial accounts. This study investigates the effects of Audit services on SMEs' financial performance. As a result, to obtain the necessary data for the project, the study used a quantitative strategy and a survey method. The study's participants are registered SMEs from the Registrar General's Department. The sample size was determined using a list of 6,000 registered small and medium businesses. The SMEs were chosen through a systematic selection process and were given questionnaires. The PLS-SEM Software was used to analyse the data collected from the respondents. The findings indicate that the use of audit services results in the avoidance and detection of financial irregularities, resulting in an improvement in SMEs' financial performance. The study also found a positive relationship between information technology and the financial performance of SMEs.
Audit Services, Small and Medium Scale Enterprise (SME), Financial Performance, information technology.
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Mohammad Robbani
Correspondence: Mohammad Robbani, mohammad.robbani@aamu.edu
Alabama A&M University
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1121
Firms involved in foreign trade (exports and imports) are generally sensitive to fluctuations in the exchange rates and carefully take it into consideration while planning their future trading. In this paper, we study the inter-relationship between exchange rate volatility and economic growth in the Eurozone markets. Specifically, we study how volatility of a country’s foreign currency exchange rate affects economic development. For an economy that is heavily dependent on foreign trade, its overall economic productivity may be affected by fluctuation of its currency with the currencies of the trading partners. We investigate this relationship between the GDP growth rates of twenty Eurozone countries with the exchange rate volatility of thirteen developed countries. Our results indicate that GDP growth rates of most of the Eurozone countries are generally affected by exchange rate volatility of its trading partners. Most of these impacts are negative indicating that the GDP growth rates of the Eurozone countries decline with the volatility of the exchange rates of trading partners. The result is consistent with the findings of previous literature in this area. Our findings are important for the policymakers to consider in planning the management of their currencies to minimize the negative effect of exchange rate volatility.
Volatility, Exchange rates, GDP growth rate, Regression.
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Ivy Eklemet and Emmanuel Gyamera
Correspondence: Ivy Eklemet, eklemet.ivy@upsamail.edu.gh
Accounting Department, University of Professional Studies, Accra, Ghana
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1116
This paper assessed the effect of directors' remuneration and the remuneration committee on a bank's performance. The study used 200 observations from 20 licensed banks in Ghana from 2012 to 2023. The study employed dynamic System Generalized Method of Moments as the main analytical estimator using Stata 16.0 software. The study revealed that directors' remuneration, audit committee independence, and the remuneration committee are positively and significantly related to the bank's performance. Furthermore, the study revealed that banks with a remuneration committee as well as an independent audit committee tend to enhance the bank's performance because remuneration and audit committees tend to align directors' remuneration with the bank's performance. The findings highlight the importance of setting up a remuneration committee as well as strengthening its functions. The first recommendation for this study is for the board to strengthen the remuneration committee since it affects the bank's performance positively. Lastly, the study recommends that the remuneration committee should be strengthened to align directors' remuneration with the bank's performance metrics, such as revenue growth, profitability of the bank, and shareholders' returns.
Audit committee independence; Bank’s performance; Directors’ remuneration; Ghana; Optimal contracting contract.
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Hiroaki Sakurai
Correspondence: Hiroaki Sakurai, hiroaki.sakurai@gakushuin.ac.jp
Gakushuin Women’s College
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1115
This study examines the effects of foreign aid on poverty reduction in Thailand dividing into ways. One is the direct effect of poverty reduction and the other is the indirect effect of economic growth. Dividing the effect of foreign aid into the direct effect of poverty reduction and the indirect effect through economic growth will contribute to a more efficient way of providing foreign aid by adjusting its purpose and method of foreign aid. The estimation results are summarized as follows: First, the relationship between the infant mortality rate, as a substitute for poverty reduction, and foreign aid from 1961 to 2022 was not significantly estimated using OLS or VAR (Vector Autoregression) models. Second, the relationship between the poverty ratio and foreign aid from 1988 to 2020 for every other year was also insignificant, although economic growth was estimated to be significantly positive. Based on these results, it can be inferred that foreign aid has no direct effect on poverty reduction in Thailand; rather, the indirect effect seems more important.
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Ivan D. Trofimov
Correspondence: Ivan D. Trofimov, ivan.trofimov1@gmail.com
Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
pdf (632.1 Kb) | doi: https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1114
The effects of real exchange rate changes on the sectoral trade balance have received limited consideration in the empirical literature. We examine services trade and the dynamics of Canada’s bilateral trade balance in services with its 53 major trading partners during 1990-2018. We demonstrate a short-run deterioration and a long-term improvement of the services trade balance following depreciation in an aggregate panel as well as sub-panels, hence supporting the J-curve effect hypothesis and satisfying the Marshall-Lerner condition. At the level of individual cross-sections, the evidence was mixed: a number of economies experienced long-term improvement of the trade balance, albeit without short-term deterioration.
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